Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mold for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork construction depends on ...

Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall. They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete. Then, the boxes are filled with crushed stone or other ...

Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be provided, which ...

In an era when sustainability has become an important benchmark for forward-thinking buildings, it's inspiring to see how far architecture and design have come in the pursuit of creating a more ...

Critical Path Method Basically, PERT, CPM are the 2 popular project management techniques, which have been created out of the need of Western industrial and military establishments to plan, schedule ...

There is no unique procedure for computing overall beam depth(h) for design. However, certain guidelines can be followed to compute beam depth such that the deflection requirements can be satisfied.

The design of a building is not merely an aesthetic concern but is closely tied to the local climate. By understanding the nuances of the climate in their area, architects, builders, and designers can ...

Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is a type of material wherein a polymer is reinforced with fibers, falling into the category of composite materials. These materials are formed by dispersing ...

The slenderness ratio of a reinforced concrete (RC) column is the ratio between the length of the column, its lateral dimensions, and end fixity. It assesses the ability of the reinforced concrete ...

Vertical walls up to about 3m in height are usually built as shown in Figure 1(b). these consists of a concrete or masonry wall of uniform thickness, vertical wall reinforcing, and transverse footing ...

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Transparent aluminum or Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) is an optically transparent aluminum which is a crystalline substance made of aluminate powder alloys. Aluminum being a popular construction material ...