These German Romantics helped shape today's ideas about the self, writes Andrea Wulf. ... 19th-century philosophers and poets who asked what it means to be free. Updated September 23, 2022.

When we think of 19th century German philosophy, we perhaps think first of Nietzsche, or Hegel, and then some other men - but Germany in the 1800s was also home to a number of women philosophers.

The battle between nationalism and a wider European identity in the 19th century has influenced philosophy to this day. ... a late 18th-century German thinker of national cultures and ethnic origins.