For example, 6 × 4 = 24, which equals 0 in the base-12 number system. This leads to other consequences that cause division to break down. But in a modular number system with a prime number of elements ...

Both protocols use a finite number of devices, work even with correlations attainable by noisy quantum-mechanical resources and are composably secure against general no-signalling adversaries.

In theory, quantum key distribution is unconditionally secure but, in reality, practical devices are prone to attacks. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution promises to overcome ...

That’s because in this finite field, 7 is the same number as 12—they both land at 2 on the clock face. So 7 divided by 3 is the same as 12 divided by 3, and 12 divided by 3 is 4.