c, Valency: size exclusion chromatography results on titration of complementary sequences, showcasing the control over the number of equivalents of complementary DNA which has a direct correlation ...

Valency will still be an important ingredient to consider in vaccine design. For example, because HIV is hard for the immune system to recognize, the B cells that target the virus are very rare.

Researchers analyzed the effects of solvation and ion valency on metallopolymers, with implications for critical materials recovery and recycling, and environmental remediation. In a new paper ...